Excess accumulation of free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the brain
Increased numbers of microglia and glial cells in general (astrogliozis), and dysfunctions of microglial cells, including phenotypic changes and transformations
Disorders in the subcomponents of neuronal signaling systems, such as neuronal production, synaptic production and pruning, excitation/inhibition balance (E/I Balance) of synapses, maintenance of synaptic architecture, neural plasticity, and synaptic plasticity
Disorders in neuronal signaling systems within the brain (neural network, connectome)
Accumulation of toxic (heavy) metals within neural cells in the brain
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